PRESENT TENSE
Present tense is refers to the present time of the verbs. It is classified in to four forms:
- Simple Present or Present Indefinite
- Present continuous or Present Progressive
- Present Perfect
- Present Perfect Continuous / Progressive
Structure
3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
3.1. Structure of Affirmative sentences:
[ Subject + has or have + v-III +object ]
e.g.
I have played the game.
We have finished our work.
He has participated in the competition.
She has written an essay.
You have climbed up the tree.
They have gone to the market.
Hari has taken the copy.
3.2. Structure of Negative sentences :
[ Subject + has or have + not + v-III +object ]
e.g.
I have not played the game.
We have not finished our work.
He has not participated in the competition.
She has not written an essay.
You have not climbed up the tree.
They have not gone to the market.
Hari has not taken the copy.
3.3. Structure of Interrogative sentences:
[ Has or Have + Subject + v-III + object ? ]
e.g.
Have I played the game?
Have we finished our work?
Has he participated in the competition?
Has she written an essay?
Have you climbed up the tree?
Have they gone to the market?
Has Reeta taken the copy?
3.4.Structure of Interrogative Negative sentences:
[ Has or Have + Subject + not + v-III + object ? ]
or
[ Hasn't or Haven't + Subject + v-III + object ? ]
e.g.
Have I not played the game?
Haven't I played the game?
Have we not finished our work?
Haven't we finished our work?
Has he not participated in the competition?
Hasn't he participated in the competition?
Has she not written an essay?
Hasn't she written an essay?
Have you not climbed up the tree?
Haven't you climbed up the tree?
Have they not gone to the market?
Haven't they gone to the market?
Has Reeta not taken the copy?
Hasn't Reeta taken the copy?
USE OF PRESENT PERFECT TENSE IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS :
Present Perfect tense is used to express:
1. an action is already completed in the past at the time of speaking:
e.g.
She has forgotten her purse.
Ranjit has put the money on the table.
My sister has lost the key.
They have bought laptops.
2. for 'past action' where time is not known.
e.g.
Milan has seen that film.
They have gone to the market.
3. a completed action, the effect of which is being felt in the present.
e.g.
He has completed his work. (Now he is free.)
I have completed the task. (Now I am free.)
4. an incomplete period of time used with; recently, lately, so far, yet, before, after, by the time, ever, just etc.
e.g.
I have been here recently.
We have already had our lunch.
He has just seen the movies.
She has just finished her work.
Recently/lately, I have felt really tired.
Milan has watched the movie recently/lately.
Have you finished yet?
Reeta has never seen a horror film.
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